How EIP-4844 is changing Ethereum and laying foundations for danksharding. Implemented as part of the Dencun hard-fork in Mar 2024. Decreasing gas fees on L2s.

Clients are programs validators are required to run allowing multiple on-chain services on Ethereum as well as the performing of duties in exchange for rewards.

Distributed Validator Technology (DVT) would allow for a validator’s private-key to be split amongst validators. Improving liquid staking experiences.

There are only two types of (voluntary) ETH Staking withdrawal that are accessible. Retrieving all stake and yields (full) or only yields (partial).

Gas fees (base fee and priority fee) are a mechanism that attach a market-demand price to a unit of gas representing costs of performing actions to a validator.

Reliability and security of Ethereum relies on over two thirds of active validators to be honest. Learn how validators could be slashed, and the consequences.

Years of research and development has seen a complete overhaul of the Ethereum consensus layer. Post The Merge find out how users join the Ethereum network as validators for staking.

Analysing where governance on blockchain sits in relation to other forms of political and corporate governance is necessary to the future of DeFi. Blockchain represents the future of decentralisation, but there is a growing realisation that the benefits of this philosophy is not necessarily exclusive with those of centralisation.

Understanding why the EVM came into existence is crucial towards understanding further nuance as to the ethos and principles of Ethereum. Equally so, it is essential when developing a new project to understand the limitations and intentions of the EVM, and to decide if such a system is optimal for one's use.

Cryptocurrency has seen significant innovation in a comparatively short period of time. Blockchain networks have laid the foundations for a new wave of thinking in terms of fiscal and monetary policy. Many proponents seek the end goal of realisation of a world more dependent on decentralised transactions.

Wider integration of applied cryptography in society has required significant developments in the tools and mechanisms, cryptosystems, needed to support society’s reliance. It has developed to become an incredibly interesting, but extensive, area to learn in parallel with its growing importance.

To balance the opportunity provided by smart contracts with the increased possibility of exploitations is perhaps the key challenge of the future of DeFi. To adapt to this, retrospection must be made of smart contract design choices, and proposals for future design choices can thereafter be applied.

One interesting notion that characterises hash-based cryptography is that at their initial time of conception they weren’t investigated thoroughly, and weren’t until much more recently with the rising popularity of applications such as Bitcoin and Ethereum.

Constructing a new blockchain network has revealed itself to be a task heavily dependent on ensuring a well-aligned incentives framework for all participants. Without such a framework participants may partake in behaviour negative towards said network.

Within this article the implications of blockchain technology in forming a part of a technological solution to current environmental and societal events is explored. Often oversimplified to suit particular arguments, blockchain is a significant and complex tool observed in this article.

This article discusses Functional-Verifiability as a scale, in which all functions are derived from. Perfect verifiability exists as one extreme of this scale, and perfect obfuscation exists as the other extreme.

Understanding how transactions are created, communicated across a network, executed, and used to support complex operations is essential to understanding how decentralised finance is possible. Throughout this article the information needed to observe the events and logs emitted by transactions are also shared, allowing for comprehension of what the data that exists on Ethereum is really saying.

With large amounts of investment fuelling research and development of scalable blockchain technologies, the next decade is likely to see a rapid growth in its mainstream adoption. Quantum computation proves a possible barrier to such adoption.

The ultimate motivation behind public blockchains lies in the concept of decentralisation. This concept refers to empowering individuals by distributing control such that no single entity can exert control over the majority.

CBDCs are digital representations of government currencies, thus they have a legal tender status. They are often described as digital banknotes, as they are a claim that people have on the central bank (CB).